Kodi zinki amagulitsidwa bwanji?

Mtengo wapadziko lonse wazinthu za zinki umakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi ubale wopezeka ndi kufunikira komanso mkhalidwe wachuma.Kugawidwa kwa nthaka padziko lonse lapansi kwa zinki kumakhazikika m'maiko monga Australia ndi China, ndipo mayiko omwe akutulutsa kwambiri ndi China, Peru, ndi Australia.Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinc kumakhazikika kumadera aku Asia Pacific ndi Europe ndi America.Jianeng ndi amene amapanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso amagulitsa zinki zitsulo, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri mitengo ya zinki.Malo osungiramo zinki aku China ali pachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma kalasiyo si yayikulu.Kupanga kwake ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse kumakhala koyambirira padziko lapansi, ndipo kudalira kwake kwakunja ndikokwera.

Chimodzi ndichoti LME ndiye yokhayo yosinthana ndi zinki padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe ili pamalo apamwamba pamsika wamtsogolo wa zinki.

LME idakhazikitsidwa mu 1876 ndipo idayamba kuchita malonda osakhazikika a zinki pomwe idakhazikitsidwa.Mu 1920, malonda ovomerezeka a zinc adayamba.Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1980, LME yakhala ikuyesa msika wa zinki padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mtengo wake wovomerezeka ukuwonetsa kusintha kwa kupezeka kwa zinki ndi kufunikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi, komwe kumadziwika padziko lonse lapansi.Mitengoyi imatha kuzunguliridwa ndi tsogolo ndi mapangano osiyanasiyana mu LME.Ntchito zamsika za zinki zili pachitatu mu LME, chachiwiri pambuyo pa zamkuwa zamkuwa ndi aluminiyamu.

Kachiwiri, New York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX) idatsegula mwachidule malonda a zinki, koma sizinaphule kanthu.

COMEX idagwira ntchito mwachidule zam'tsogolo za zinc kuyambira 1978 mpaka 1984, koma zonse sizinachite bwino.Panthawiyo, opanga zinki aku America anali amphamvu kwambiri pamitengo ya zinki, kotero kuti COMEX inalibe kuchuluka kwa bizinesi ya zinki yokwanira kupereka ndalama zamakampani, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuti zinki zikhale ndi mitengo ya arbitrage pakati pa LME ndi COMEX ngati kugulitsa zamkuwa ndi siliva.Masiku ano, malonda a zitsulo a COMEX amayang'ana kwambiri zam'tsogolo ndi mapangano opangira golide, siliva, mkuwa, ndi aluminiyamu.

Chachitatu ndi chakuti Shanghai Stock Exchange idakhazikitsa Shanghai Zinc Futures mu 2007, kutenga nawo gawo pamitengo yamitengo ya zinki padziko lonse lapansi.

Panali malonda achidule a zinki m'mbiri ya Shanghai Stock Exchange.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, zinki inali malonda apakati mpaka nthawi yayitali pamodzi ndi zitsulo zoyambira monga mkuwa, aluminiyamu, lead, malata, ndi faifi tambala.Komabe, kukula kwa malonda a zinki kunatsika chaka ndi chaka, ndipo pofika 1997, malonda a zinki anali atasiya.Mu 1998, pakukonza msika wam'tsogolo, mitundu yogulitsa zitsulo zopanda ferrous idangosunga mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu, ndipo zinki ndi mitundu ina zidathetsedwa.Pamene mtengo wa zinki unkapitirira kukwera mu 2006, panali zopempha nthawi zonse kuti tsogolo la zinki libwerere kumsika.Pa Marichi 26, 2007, Shanghai Stock Exchange idalemba mwalamulo zam'tsogolo za zinki, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwamagawo ndi kufunikira kwa msika wa zinki ku China kumsika wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kutenga nawo gawo pamitengo ya zinki padziko lonse lapansi.

Njira yopangira mitengo ya zinki pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo wa zinki zam'tsogolo monga mtengo wofananira, ndikuwonjezera zomwe zikufananazo ngati quotation yamalo.Mchitidwe wa mitengo ya zinki padziko lonse lapansi ndi mitengo yamtsogolo ya LME ndi yosasinthasintha, chifukwa mtengo wa zinc wa LME umakhala ngati muyeso wanthawi yayitali wa ogula ndi ogulitsa zitsulo za zinki, ndipo mtengo wake wapamwezi umagwiranso ntchito ngati maziko amitengo yamalonda a zinc zitsulo. .

Chimodzi ndi kutsika ndi kutsika kwa mitengo ya zinki kuyambira 1960 mpaka 1978;Yachiwiri ndi nthawi ya oscillation kuyambira 1979 mpaka 2000;Chachitatu ndi kukwera ndi kutsika kwachangu kuyambira 2001 mpaka 2009;Chachinayi ndi nthawi ya kusinthasintha kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2020;Chachisanu ndi nthawi yowonjezereka yowonjezereka kuyambira 2020. Kuyambira 2020, chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwa mitengo ya mphamvu ya ku Ulaya, mphamvu ya zinc yachepa, ndipo kukula kwachangu kwa zinki kwachititsa kuti mitengo ya zinki ikhale yowonjezereka, yomwe ikupitiriza kukwera ndi kupitirira. $3500 pa toni.

Mu 2022, lipoti laposachedwa kwambiri lochokera ku United States Geological Survey (USGS) likuwonetsa kuti zinki zomwe zatsimikiziridwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi matani 1.9 biliyoni, ndipo nkhokwe zachitsulo zomwe zatsimikiziridwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi matani 210 miliyoni azitsulo.Australia ili ndi nkhokwe zambiri za zinc ore, zokwana matani 66 miliyoni, zomwe zimawerengera 31.4% ya nkhokwe zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi.Malo osungiramo zinki ku China ndi achiwiri ku Australia, pa matani 31 miliyoni, omwe amawerengera 14.8% ya chiwopsezo chapadziko lonse lapansi.Maiko ena omwe ali ndi nkhokwe zazikulu za zinc ore ndi Russia (10.5%), Peru (8.1%), Mexico (5.7%), India (4.6%), ndi mayiko ena, pomwe nkhokwe zonse za zinki zamayiko ena ndi 25%. ndalama zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Choyamba, kupanga mbiri ya zinki kukupitilirabe, ndikutsika pang'ono m'zaka khumi zapitazi.Zikuyembekezeka kuti zopangazo zidzachira pang'onopang'ono m'tsogolomu.

Padziko lonse lapansi kupanga zinki ore wakhala mosalekeza kuwonjezeka kwa zaka 100, kufika pachimake mu 2012 ndi kupanga pachaka matani 13.5 miliyoni zitsulo zinki maganizo.M'zaka zotsatira, pakhala kuchepa pang'ono, mpaka 2019, pamene kukula kunayambiranso.Komabe, kufalikira kwa COVID-19 mu 2020 kudapangitsa kuti migodi ya zinki yapadziko lonse ichepenso, pomwe zotulutsa zapachaka zidatsika ndi matani 700000, 5.51% pachaka, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zinc padziko lonse lapansi zichuluke komanso kukwera kwamitengo kosalekeza.Ndi kufewetsa kwa mliri, kupanga nthaka pang'onopang'ono kunabwereranso pamlingo wa matani 13 miliyoni.Kuwunika kukuwonetsa kuti chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi chibwereranso bwino komanso kulimbikitsa kufunikira kwa msika, kupanga zinki kudzapitilira kukula m'tsogolomu.

Chachiwiri ndi chakuti mayiko omwe ali ndi zinki kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi China, Peru, ndi Australia.

Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la United States Bureau of Geological Survey (USGS) linanena, kupanga zinki padziko lonse lapansi kudafika matani 13 miliyoni mu 2022, pomwe China idapanga matani 4.2 miliyoni azitsulo, zomwe ndi 32.3% yazopanga padziko lonse lapansi.Mayiko ena omwe ali ndi zinc ore yochuluka ndi Peru (10.8%), Australia (10.0%), India (6.4%), United States (5.9%), Mexico (5.7%), ndi mayiko ena.Chiwerengero chonse cha migodi ya zinki m'maiko ena ndi 28.9% ya chiwopsezo chapadziko lonse lapansi.

Chachitatu, opanga asanu apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi amapanga zinki pafupifupi 1/4 yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo njira zawo zopangira zimakhala ndi zotsatira zina pamitengo ya zinki.

Mu 2021, kuchuluka kwapachaka kwa opanga asanu apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi opanga zinki kunali pafupifupi matani 3.14 miliyoni, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 1/4 ya nthaka padziko lonse lapansi.Mtengo wa zinc udaposa madola 9.4 biliyoni aku US, pomwe Glencore PLC idapanga pafupifupi matani 1.16 miliyoni a zinc, Hindustan Zinc Ltd idapanga pafupifupi matani 790000 a zinc, Teck Resources Ltd idapanga matani 610000 a zinc, Zijin Mining yopangidwa pafupifupi matani 310000 a zinc, ndipo Boliden AB adatulutsa pafupifupi matani 270000 a zinc.Akuluakulu opanga zinki nthawi zambiri amakhudza mitengo ya zinki kudzera mu njira yochepetsera kupanga ndi kusunga mitengo ya zinki, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kutseka migodi ndi kulamulira kupanga kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochepetsera kupanga ndi kusunga mitengo ya zinki.Mu Okutobala 2015, Glencore adalengeza kutsika kwa kuchuluka kwa zinki, zomwe zimafanana ndi 4% yazopanga padziko lonse lapansi, komanso mitengo ya zinki yokwera ndi 7% tsiku lomwelo.

Choyamba, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinc padziko lonse lapansi kumakhazikika kumadera aku Asia Pacific ndi Europe ndi America.

Mu 2021, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinki padziko lonse lapansi kunali matani 14.0954 miliyoni, kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka kumadera aku Asia Pacific ndi Europe ndi America, pomwe China idawerengera kuchuluka kwa zinc, zomwe zimawerengera 48%.United States ndi India anali pa nambala yachiwiri ndi yachitatu, kuwerengera 6% ndi 5% motsatana.Maiko ena akuluakulu ogula ndi monga maiko otukuka monga South Korea, Japan, Belgium, ndi Germany.

Chachiwiri ndi chakuti kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinc kagawika m'magwiritsidwe oyamba ndi ma terminal.Kumwa koyambirira kumakhala plating ya zinc, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito ma terminal kumakhala makamaka zomangamanga.Kusintha kwa kufunikira kumapeto kwa ogula kudzakhudza mtengo wa zinki.

Kapangidwe kazakudya ka zinc kumatha kugawidwa m'magwiritsidwe oyamba komanso omaliza.Kumwa koyambirira kwa zinki kumangoyang'ana kwambiri pamagetsi, omwe amawerengera 64%.Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinki kumatanthawuza kukonzanso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu zoyamba za zinki m'mafakitale otsika.M'magwiritsidwe omaliza a zinki, magawo azomangamanga ndi omanga amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri, pa 33% ndi 23% motsatana.Kugwira ntchito kwa ogula zinki kudzatumizidwa kuchokera kumalo ogwiritsira ntchito ma terminal kupita kumalo oyambilira omwe amamwa ndikukhudza kaphatikizidwe ndi kufunikira kwa zinc ndi mtengo wake.Mwachitsanzo, pamene ntchito zamafakitale akuluakulu ogula zinki monga malo ogulitsa nyumba ndi magalimoto zikafooka, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyambira monga plating ndi zinc alloys kumachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinki zipitirire zomwe zimafunikira. kuchepa kwa mitengo ya zinki.

Monga wogulitsa zinki wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Glencore amawongolera kufalikira kwa zinki woyengedwa pamsika ndi zabwino zitatu.Choyamba, kuthekera mwachangu komanso moyenera kukonza katundu ku msika wakumunsi kwa nthaka;Chachiwiri ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yogawa chuma cha nthaka;Chachitatu ndikuzindikira bwino msika wa zinc.Monga wopanga zinki wamkulu padziko lonse lapansi, Glencore adatulutsa matani 940000 a zinki mu 2022, ndi gawo la msika wapadziko lonse lapansi la 7.2%;Kuchuluka kwa malonda a zinki ndi matani 2.4 miliyoni, ndi msika wapadziko lonse lapansi wa 18.4%.Kupanga ndi kugulitsa kuchuluka kwa zinc ndizomwe zili pamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Kudzipangira kwapadziko lonse kwa Glencore padziko lonse lapansi ndiye maziko a chikoka chake chachikulu pamitengo ya zinki, ndipo kuchuluka kwamalonda koyambirira kumakulitsa izi.

Choyamba, Shanghai Zinc Exchange yakhala ndi gawo labwino pakukhazikitsa dongosolo lamitengo ya zinki m'nyumba, koma chikoka chake pa ufulu wamitengo ya zinki chidakali chocheperako kuposa cha LME.

Tsogolo la zinki lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa ndi Shanghai Stock Exchange lachita bwino pakuwonetsetsa kwazinthu ndi kufunikira, njira zamitengo, nkhani zamitengo, komanso njira zotumizira mitengo yapakhomo ndi yakunja pamsika wa zinki wapakhomo.Pansi pa msika wovuta wa msika wa zinki waku China, Shanghai Zinc Exchange yathandizira kukhazikitsa njira yotseguka, yachilungamo, yachilungamo, komanso yovomerezeka yamitengo ya zinki.Msika wam'nyumba wa zinki wamtsogolo uli ndi kale ndi chikoka, ndipo ndikusintha kwa msika komanso kuchuluka kwa malonda, malo ake pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi akuchulukiranso.Mu 2022, kuchuluka kwa malonda a Shanghai zinc futures kudakhazikika ndikuwonjezeka pang'ono.Malinga ndi deta kuchokera ku Shanghai Stock Exchange, kumapeto kwa November 2022, kuchuluka kwa malonda a Shanghai Zinc Futures mu 2022 kunali 63906157, kuwonjezeka kwa 0,64% pachaka, ndi malonda apakati pamwezi a 5809650. ;Mu 2022, voliyumu yamalonda ya Shanghai Zinc Futures idafika 7932.1 biliyoni ya yuan, kuwonjezeka kwa 11.1% pachaka, ndi malonda apakati pamwezi a yuan biliyoni 4836.7.Komabe, mphamvu yamitengo ya zinki yapadziko lonse lapansi imayang'aniridwa ndi LME, ndipo msika wamtsogolo wa zinc umakhalabe msika wachigawo pamalo ochepera.

Kachiwiri, mitengo ya zinki ku China idachokera ku makoti opanga kupita ku mapulatifomu apa intaneti, makamaka kutengera mitengo ya LME.

Chaka cha 2000 chisanafike, kunalibe nsanja yamitengo ya zinki ku China, ndipo mtengo wamsika udapangidwa kutengera mawu a wopanga.Mwachitsanzo, mumtsinje wa Pearl River Delta, mtengowo udakhazikitsidwa ndi Zhongjin Lingnan, pomwe mumtsinje wa Yangtze Delta, mtengowo udakhazikitsidwa ndi Zhuzhou Smelter ndi Huludao.Kusakwanira kwa mitengo yamitengo kwakhudza kwambiri ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku za mabizinesi akumtunda ndi kumunsi mumzere wa zinki.Mu 2000, Shanghai Nonferrous Metals Network (SMM) idakhazikitsa maukonde ake, ndipo mawu ake a nsanja adakhala ofotokozera mabizinesi ambiri apakhomo pamitengo ya zinki.Pakadali pano, mawu akulu pamsika wapakhomo akuphatikizanso mawu ochokera ku Nan Chu Business Network ndi Shanghai Metal Network, koma mawu omwe amachokera papulatifomu yapaintaneti makamaka amatanthauza mitengo ya LME.

Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa zinthu za zinki ku China kumakhala kwachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma mtundu wapakati ndi wotsika komanso kutulutsa kwazinthu kumakhala kovuta.

China ili ndi chuma chochuluka cha zinc ore, chomwe chili pachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa Australia.Zinc ore zapakhomo zimakhazikika kumadera monga Yunnan (24%), Inner Mongolia (20%), Gansu (11%), ndi Xinjiang (8%).Komabe, ma depositi a zinc ore ku China nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika, okhala ndi migodi yaing'ono yambiri ndi migodi yayikulu yochepa, komanso migodi yambiri yowonda komanso yolemera.Kuchotsa zida ndizovuta ndipo mtengo wamayendedwe ndi wokwera.

Kachiwiri, kupanga zinc ore ku China kumakhala koyambirira padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo chikoka cha opanga nthaka apamwamba kwambiri akuchulukirachulukira.

Kupanga kwa zinki ku China kwakhalabe kwakukulu padziko lonse lapansi kwazaka zambiri zotsatizana.M'zaka zaposachedwa, kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana monga mafakitale, kuphatikizika ndi kutsika kwa mitsinje, komanso kuphatikizira zinthu, China yapanga gulu la mabizinesi a zinki omwe ali ndi chikoka chapadziko lonse lapansi, mabizinesi atatu omwe ali pakati paopanga khumi apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi opanga zinc ore.Zijin Mining ndi bizinesi yayikulu kwambiri yopanga zinki ku China, yomwe ili ndi masikelo opangira zinc ore pakati pa asanu apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi.Mu 2022, kupanga nthaka kunali matani 402000, kuwerengera 9.6% ya zopanga zonse zapakhomo.Minmetals Resources ili pamalo achisanu ndi chimodzi padziko lonse lapansi, ndikupanga zinc matani 225000 mu 2022, zomwe zimawerengera 5.3% yazinthu zonse zapakhomo.Zhongjin Lingnan ndi wachisanu ndi chinayi padziko lonse lapansi, ndikupanga zinc matani 193000 mu 2022, zomwe zimawerengera 4.6% yazinthu zonse zapakhomo.Opanga ena akuluakulu a zinc akuphatikiza Chihong Zinc Germanium, Zinc Viwanda Co., Ltd., Baiyin Nonferrous Metals, etc.

Chachitatu, China ndiye ogula kwambiri zinki, omwe amamwa kwambiri pakupanga zopangira zokometsera komanso zotsika mtengo.

Mu 2021, China idagwiritsa ntchito zinc matani 6.76 miliyoni, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale msika waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wogula zinki.Zinc plating ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri lazakudya za zinki ku China, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 60% ya zinc;Zotsatira zake ndi aloyi wa zinc ndi zinc oxide, zomwe zimawerengera 15% ndi 12% motsatana.Magawo akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito galvanizing ndi zomangamanga ndi malo.Chifukwa cha mwayi wokwanira wa China pakugwiritsa ntchito zinki, kutukuka kwa zomangamanga ndi magawo ogulitsa nyumba kudzakhudza kwambiri kupezeka kwa dziko lonse lapansi, kufunikira, ndi mtengo wa zinki.

Kudalira kwa China pa zinki ndikwambiri ndipo kukuwonetsa kukwera bwino, komwe kochokera ku Australia ndi Peru.Kuyambira mchaka cha 2016, kuchuluka kwa zinki ku China kwakhala kukuchulukirachulukira chaka ndi chaka, ndipo tsopano yakhala dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi loitanitsa zinc ore.Mu 2020, kudalira kwa zinc kupitilira 40%.Kutengera dziko ndi dziko, dziko lomwe lili ndi zinki zambiri zotumiza ku China mu 2021 linali Australia, lomwe lili ndi matani 1.07 miliyoni chaka chonse, zomwe zimawerengera 29.5% yazinthu zonse zaku China zomwe zimachokera ku zinki;Kachiwiri, dziko la Peru limatumiza matani 780000 ku China, zomwe ndi 21.6% yazinthu zonse zaku China zomwe zimachokera ku zinki.Kudalira kwambiri kwa zinc ore komanso kuchuluka kwa madera omwe amachokera kunja kumatanthauza kuti kukhazikika kwa zinc woyengedwa kungakhudzidwe ndi kupezeka ndi mayendedwe, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe China ili pachiwopsezo pamalonda apadziko lonse a zinc ndi angangovomereza mwachifatse mitengo ya msika wapadziko lonse.

Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa koyamba mu China Mining Daily pa Meyi 15th