Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa graphite ndi lead n'chakuti graphite ndi yopanda poizoni komanso yokhazikika kwambiri, pamene mtovu ndi wapoizoni komanso wosakhazikika.
Kodi Graphite ndi chiyani?
Graphite ndi allotrope ya kaboni yokhala ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika, makristalo.Ndi mtundu wa malasha.Kuphatikiza apo, ndi mchere wachilengedwe.Native minerals ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mankhwala amodzi omwe amapezeka m'chilengedwe popanda kuphatikiza ndi chinthu china chilichonse.Komanso, graphite ndi mtundu wokhazikika wa kaboni womwe umapezeka pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika.Gawo lobwerezabwereza la graphite allotrope ndi carbon (C).Graphite ili ndi hexagonal crystal system.Imawonekera mumtundu wachitsulo-wakuda mpaka chitsulo-imvi komanso imakhala ndi zitsulo zonyezimira.Mtundu wa mzere wa graphite ndi wakuda (mtundu wa mchere wonyezimira).
Mapangidwe a kristalo wa graphite ali ndi zisa za uchi.Ili ndi mapepala a graphene olekanitsidwa pamtunda wa 0.335 nm.Mu dongosolo la graphite, mtunda pakati pa maatomu a carbon ndi 0.142 nm.Ma atomu a kaboni awa amamangirizana wina ndi mzake kudzera m'mabondi ogwirizana, atomu imodzi ya kaboni yokhala ndi zomangira zitatu zozungulira.Mphamvu ya atomu ya carbon ndi 4;motero, pali elekitironi wachinayi wosagwira aliyense ndi aliyense mpweya atomu ya dongosolo ili.Choncho, elekitironi ndi ufulu kusamuka, kupanga graphite magetsi conductive.Ma graphite achilengedwe ndi othandiza popanga ma refractory, mabatire, kupanga zitsulo, graphite yowonjezera, zomangira za mabuleki, zoyang'ana zoyambira, ndi zothira mafuta.
Kodi lead ndi chiyani?
Mtsogoleri ndi chinthu chomwe chili ndi atomiki nambala 82 ndi chizindikiro cha mankhwala Pb.Zimapezeka ngati chitsulo chachitsulo.Chitsulochi ndi chitsulo cholemera kwambiri ndipo ndi cholimba kuposa zida zambiri zomwe timadziwa.Kuphatikiza apo, lead imatha kukhala ngati chitsulo chofewa komanso chosasunthika chokhala ndi malo otsika osungunuka.Tikhoza kudula chitsulochi mosavuta, ndipo chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe abuluu komanso mawonekedwe achitsulo chotuwa.Chofunika kwambiri, chitsulo ichi chili ndi nambala ya atomiki yapamwamba kwambiri kuposa chinthu chilichonse chokhazikika.
Poganizira za kuchuluka kwa lead, imakhala ndi kachulukidwe kwambiri, kusasunthika, ductility, komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri chifukwa cha passivation.Mtovu uli ndi kaphatikizidwe kakang'ono ka nkhope kozungulira komanso kulemera kwake kwa atomiki, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kachulukidwe kakang'ono kuposa kachulukidwe kazitsulo zodziwika bwino monga chitsulo, mkuwa, ndi zinki.Poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zambiri, lead imakhala ndi malo otsika kwambiri osungunuka, ndipo malo ake owira ndi otsika kwambiri pakati pa zinthu zamagulu 14.
Mtovu umapangitsa kuti chitetezo chiziteteza munthu akakumana ndi mpweya.Chodziwika kwambiri pagawoli ndi lead(II) carbonate.Pakhoza kukhalanso zigawo za sulphate ndi kloride za lead.Chosanjikiza ichi chimapangitsa chitsulo chotsogolera pamwamba kuti chizitha kulowa mumlengalenga.Kuphatikiza apo, mpweya wa fluorine ukhoza kuchitapo kanthu ndi lead kutentha kwa firiji kupanga lead(II) fluoride.Palinso zomwe zimachitika ndi mpweya wa chlorine, koma zimafunikira kutentha.Kupatula apo, chitsulo chotsogolera chimalimbana ndi sulfuric acid ndi phosphoric acid koma chimakhudzidwa ndi HCl ndi HNO3 acid.Ma organic acid monga acetic acid amatha kusungunula mtovu pamaso pa okosijeni.Momwemonso, ma alkali acid okhazikika amatha kusungunula kutsogolera kupanga ma plumbites.
Popeza lead idaletsedwa ku USA mu 1978 ngati chophatikizira mu utoto chifukwa cha kawopsedwe, sunagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga pensulo.Komabe, chinali chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapensulo nthawi imeneyo isanafike.Mtovu unkadziwika kuti ndi poizoni kwambiri kwa anthu.Choncho, anthu ankafufuza zinthu zoti azitha kupanga mapensulo m’malo mwa mtovu.
Kodi Kusiyanitsa Pakati pa Graphite ndi Lead ndi Chiyani?
Graphite ndi lead ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zamakina chifukwa cha zinthu zothandiza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo.Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa graphite ndi lead n'chakuti graphite ndi yopanda poizoni komanso yokhazikika kwambiri, pamene mtovu ndi wapoizoni komanso wosakhazikika.
Mtsogoleri ndi chitsulo chosagwira ntchito pambuyo pa kusintha.Titha kufotokozera zachitsulo chofooka cha mtovu pogwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe chake cha amphoteric.Mwachitsanzo, lead ndi lead oxides amakhudzidwa ndi zidulo ndi maziko ake ndipo amayamba kupanga covalent bonds.Mipangidwe ya lead nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi +2 oxidation state ya lead m'malo mwa +4 oxidation state (+4 ndiye oxidation wofala kwambiri wamagulu 14 a mankhwala).
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-08-2022
