Sodium Persulfate (Sodium Peroxydisulfate, Na₂S₂O₈, CAS: 7775‑27‑1)

Sodium persulfate imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati chinthu chowonjezera oksidi, choyambitsa polymerisation, choyeretsera bleach, komanso choyeretsera zitsulo. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo a mankhwala, zamagetsi, nsalu, ndi zachilengedwe. Imagawidwa ngati Class 5.1 oxidizing solid, Packing Group III (low-to-moderate hazard oxidiser).

I. Mapulogalamu Ofotokozera

1. Makampani Opanga Ma polima ndi Mankhwala (gawo lalikulu kwambiri logwiritsa ntchito)
   1. Choyambitsa polymerization ya emulsion: imagwira ntchito ngati choyambitsa madzi chosasungunuka ndi madzi cha polyethylene, polyacrylonitrile, acrylic emulsions, styrene-acrylic emulsions, ndi polyacrylamide (PAM). Imayambitsa polymerization pa kutentha kozungulira mpaka kocheperako ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokutira, zomatira, ndi flocculant synthesis pochiza madzi. Imagwira ntchito m'malo mwa azo initiators, osasiya zotsalira za poizoni.
   2. Mankhwala amafuta: imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosweka mu madzi osweka, guar gum yomwe imawononga okosijeni ndi hydroxypropyl guar gum kuti ithandize kusweka kwa madzi osweka. Ikaphatikizidwa ndi ferrous ion catalysis, imalola kusweka mwachangu pa kutentha kochepa.
2. Makampani a Zamagetsi ndi Ma PCB (zinthu zamagetsi zoyera kwambiri)
   1. Chothandizira kupukutira cha micro-etching cha ma circuit board: imapanga pamwamba pa mkuwa wopyapyala kuti iwonjezere kumamatira kwa filimu youma, chigoba chosungunula, ndi zigawo zokulungidwa ndi magetsi. Imadula mkuwa ndi nickel mu njira zofewa zodula ndipo, mosiyana ndi machitidwe okhala ndi chloride, siimabweretsa chiopsezo cha dzimbiri chifukwa cha chlorine.
   2. Kuyeretsa wafer wa semiconductor: amachotsa zonyansa zachilengedwe ndi zodetsa zitsulo kuchokera pamalo ophikira mu njira zotsukira zouma komanso zonyowa ngati chowonjezera oxygen.
   3. Chithandizo cha pre-electroplating: imachotsa mafuta, imachita dzimbiri pang'ono, ndikuyambitsa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zamkuwa, ndikuchotsa mamba a oxide pamwamba.
3. Kukonzanso Zachilengedwe (Njira Zapamwamba Zokonzera Oxidation, AOP)
   1. Kukonzanso madzi apansi pa nthaka ndi nthaka: imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu in‑situ chemical oxidation (ISCO). Yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitsulo chachitsulo, alkali, kapena kutentha, imapanga ma sulfate radicals omwe amawononga ma hydrocarbon a petroleum, ma hydrocarbon a chlorinated, mankhwala a BTEX, maantibayotiki, ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo - zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa malo oipitsidwa.
   2. Kuchiza madzi otayira: amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira okosijeni yapamwamba ya coking, dyeing, mankhwala, ndi zinyalala kuti atulutse COD, utoto, ndi zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe. Itha kuphatikizidwa ndi kuwala kwa UV, ultrasound, kapena kuyatsa kwa ion yachitsulo.
   3. Kukonza zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi: imachepetsa thiosulfate pokonza madzi otuluka m'bafa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ayoni asiliva abwererenso.
4. Makampani Opanga Nsalu ndi Utoto
   1. Wothandizira kukonza kukula: imawola kukula kwa starch ndi PVA kwa thonje ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi.
   2. Wothandizira kuyeretsa: zimathandiza kuti ubweya, silika, ndi nsalu zisamawonongeke kutentha kwambiri popanda kuwonongeka kwa ulusi. Imagwiranso ntchito ngati okosijeni popanga utoto wa sulfure, m'malo mwa sodium hypochlorite kuti ipewe kuwonongeka kokhudzana ndi chlorine.
5. Ntchito Zina Zamakampani ndi Zachipatala
   1. Makampani a mabatire: amagwira ntchito ngati chotsitsa polarizing mu mabatire a lead-acid kuti athetse kusuntha kwa plate.
   2. Mankhwala abwino: amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kuoxidation mu kapangidwe ka organic, mwachitsanzo mu oxidation ya Elbs kuti asinthe ma phenols kukhala ma hydroquinones, komanso kuti aoxidize Mn²⁺ ndi Cr³⁺ kukhala ma valence states apamwamba (omwe amathandizidwa ndi ma ayoni asiliva).
   3. Chisamaliro chaumwini ndi labotale: chothandizira kuoxidation mu mapangidwe olola tsitsi; komanso monga APS (ammonium persulfate) gel polymerisation initiator mu PAGE electrophoresis.
   4. Zamkati ndi pepala: amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa zamkati.

II. Kuthandizira Makonzedwe a Njira mu Makampani Otsika

1. Mzere wa Njira Yopangira Ma PCB Micro

   Kutsatira: kuchotsa mafuta → kutsuka ndi madzi → kupukuta ndi micro-etching (sodium persulfate + sulfuric acid system, 25-35°C) → kutsuka ndi countercurrent pa sitepe ziwiri → kuletsa → kutsuka ndi madzi opanda ioni.
   Zipangizo zothandizira: matanki oteteza dzimbiri a PP, njira zoyesera zokha, kuyang'anira ORP pH pa intaneti, kusefa kozungulira, ndi zida zotsukira madzi otayidwa. Sodium persulfate imadzazidwanso nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo sulfuric acid imasunga acidity kuti ichepetse kuwonongeka kwa chinthucho.

2. Kusungunuka kwa Chemical mu Nthaka ndi Madzi a Pansi pa Dziko (ISCO)

   Machitidwe atatu oyambitsa alipo:

   1. Kuyambitsa kwa ayoni yachitsulo: sodium persulfate + ferrous sulfate pansi pa acidic.
   2. Kutsegula kwa kutentha: kutentha mpaka 40‑65°C kudzera mu jakisoni wa madzi akuya.
   3. Kuyambitsa kwa alkaline: kuwonjezera sodium hydroxide kuti ikweze pH pamwamba pa 11, zomwe zimayambitsa kupanga kwa radical.
      Zipangizo zothandizira: matanki osakaniza ndi osungunula, zitsime zothira madzi othamanga kwambiri, zitsime zowunikira madzi apansi panthaka, ndi kuyang'anira ORP pa intaneti.
3. Njira Yoyendetsera Kutulutsa Madzi Otayira Patsogolo

   Kutsatira: Kusintha kwa pH → kuwonjezera sodium persulfate + activator (Fe²⁺/UV) → thanki yochitira okosijeni → flocculation ndi sedimentation → kutulutsa madzi otuluka.
   Zipangizo zothandizira: makina owongolera a ORP pa intaneti ndi chipangizo cholumikizira cha UV‑H₂O₂.

4. Njira Yopangira Emulsion Polymerisation

   Ntchito ya reactor ya gulu: kutsuka kwa nayitrogeni kuti muchotse mpweya, kuwonjezera sodium persulfate wamadzi pa kutentha kozungulira, ndi kudyetsa mofanana. Zipangizo zothandizira: njira yowongolera kutentha ndi kuphimba mpweya wopanda mpweya kuti mupewe kuwonongeka msanga chifukwa cha zinyalala zachitsulo.

III. Uinjiniya Wachitetezo Posungira, Kusamutsa, ndi Kupereka Mlingo

1. Malo osungiramo zinthu: malo osungira mankhwala oopsa ophera okosijeni, ozizira komanso opumira mpweya, kutentha <30°C, chinyezi <70%. Patulani zinthu zoyaka moto, zochepetsera kutentha, ma asidi ndi alkali; pansi pake pakhale poteteza dzimbiri komanso polowa madzi.
2. Kusamutsa: kutsekedwa, kuponderezedwa ndi mpweya woipa, ndi blanket ya nayitrogeni kuti muchotse chinyezi. Mapaipi achitsulo ndi oletsedwa; gwiritsani ntchito mapaipi osagwira dzimbiri a PP, PVC, kapena FRP.
3. Mlingo: tsegulani matanki osungunula, pewani zitsulo monga chitsulo, mkuwa ndi siliva; gwiritsani ntchito zida zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri za PP/PE. Konzani ndi shawa zadzidzidzi, malo otsukira maso, ndi makina opumira mpweya mokakamizidwa.
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